@article{ author = {JaafarzadehHaghighifard, Nematollah and Mojadam, Mehdi and Ehrampoush, Mohammad Hassan and Morowatisharifabad, Mohammad Ali and AbdullatifKhafaie, Morteza and Fallahzadeh, Hossei}, title = {Protective strategies among patients with cardiovascular diseases against dust phenomenon exposure in Ahvaz city based on the protection motivation theory}, abstract ={Background: Dust particles are one of the most important environmental problems that are threatening many countries, and patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a vulnerable group in this respect. The present study was conducted to examine the protective strategies among patients with CVDs against exposure to dust phenomenon based on the protection motivation theory (PMT). Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 183 patients with CVDs who referred to health care centers in Ahvaz city, Khuzestan province, southwest of Iran. Participants were selected from patients with CVDs recruited for routine national Package of Essential Non-communicable Disease (IRA PEN) through random cluster sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on the PMT. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests such as Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regressions by SPSS version 22. Results: The mean scores of the constructs of perceived response efficacy (4.06 ± 20.06) and sensitivity (19.89 ± 4.30) were higher than those of other constructs. Correlation coefficient test showed a significant positive correlation between risk behaviors of exposure to dust phenomenon and self-efficacy, response efficacy and protection motivation, but negatively correlated with cost response. Also, self-efficacy variable, type of health insurance, and protection motivation were the predictive indicators of behavior. Conclusion: The constructs of the PMT explained the risk reduction behaviors of exposure to dust phenomenon in patients with CVDs. Therefore, this theory can be used as a framework for designing educational programs to increase the motivation of patients with CVDs to adopt risk reduction behaviors for exposure to dust.}, Keywords = {Dust, Risk reduction behavior, Motivation, Self-efficacy, Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.01}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-712-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-712-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Keshtgar, Leila and Shahsavani, Samaneh and Maghsoudi, Ahmad and Anushiravani, Amir and Zaravar, Foroozandeh and Shamsedini, Narges and Rayatpisheh, Maryam and Dehghani, Mansooreh}, title = {Investigating the relationship between the long-term exposure to air pollution and the frequency of depression in Shiraz during 2010-2017}, abstract ={Background: Exposure to environmental pollutants which have entered the atmosphere due to human and industrial activities results in harmful and unwanted effects on human health. The undesired effects of air pollution on mental disorders, mortality, and psychological disorders have been proven. Depression is a common mental health problem in today’s societies which impacts the quality of life. The objective of this study was to determine the relation between exposure to air pollution and frequency of depression in Shiraz (Southern Iran). Methods: Archived documents of 2658 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) from a psychiatric university hospital were reviewed. The concentrations of five air pollutants including CO, NOX, O3, PM10, and NO2 were determined daily in two air quality monitory stations in downtown Shiraz (Imam Hossein Square) and Kazeroon Gate. The data relevant to these five pollutants were gathered every day for 83 months, from 2010 to 2017, and for more precision, the mean values were used. The relationship between the concentration of each pollutant in the air and the number of patients referring to hospital was determined using the Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Results: There was a direct and significant relationship between all pollutants and the number of hospital admissions in each month (P<0.05) except for CO which did not show a significant relationship with hospital admission due to depression (P>0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated a positive relationship between air pollution and depression. Of course, to prove this relationship, it is essential to conduct a number of studies with appropriate methodology and design.}, Keywords = {Air pollutant, Environmental exposure, Inhalation exposure, Mental disorders, Depression}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-14}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.02}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-713-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-713-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Soubh, Alaa Mohamad and Abdoli, Mohammad Ali and Ahmad, Lorin Ali}, title = {Optimizing the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using persulfate activated with nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) supported by reduced expanded graphene oxide (rEGO)}, abstract ={Background: To remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) predicated on reduced expanded graphene oxide (rEGO) was used as the activator of persulfate. Methods: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were used to investigate the surface morphology and to examine the surface elemental composition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the chemical compositions of the synthesized compound. In this study, the effects of pH (3-9), activator dose (0.4-1.6 g L-1), persulfate concentration (0.192-0.768 g L-1), and reaction time (0-60 minutes) on the removal of 10 mg L-1 MB were studied by nZVI -reduced expanded graphene oxide/persulfate (nZVI@rEGO/PS) process. Results: The maximum removal efficiencies of MB at optimum operational conditions (pH 3, activator dose = 1.2 g L-1, persulfate concentration = 0.576 g L-1, and reaction time = 20 minutes) by nZVI@rEGO/PS process was 96%. The chemical method was used to prepare expanded graphene. The volume of natural flake graphite increased about 25 times after the process. SEM image of the nZVI@rEGO showed the presence of nZVI placed on the EGO surface in chain structure with a diameter about 100 nm. The EDS analysis of the activator indicated the existence of Fe element to an amount greater than 50%. Conclusion: According to the results, nZVI@rEGO is considered as a promising activator of persulfate.}, Keywords = {Persulfate, Methylene blue, Graphite, Graphene oxide, Kinetics}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {15-24}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.03}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-699-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-699-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Darbandi, Fatemeh and Mousavi, Azadeh and BagheriLotfabad, Tayebe and Heydarinasab, Amir and Yaghmaei, Soheil}, title = {Azo dye removal via surfactant-assisted polyvinylidene fluoride membrane}, abstract ={Background: Recently, concerns have been raised regarding the environmental and public health safety of azo dyes, the most widely used synthetic dyes. The membrane technique has been introduced as one of the efficient methods for dye removal treatments. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane manipulated by surfactants was studied for removal of the azo dye, carmoisine. Methods: PVDF membrane was prepared via non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) and used to remove the azo dye, carmoisine. Three nonionic surfactants including Tween 20, Tween 60, and Tween 80 were used individually as additives in casting solutions to improve PVDF membrane properties. Results: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated the presence of functional groups of carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (OH), assigned to Tween molecules, in the membrane chemical structure. All Tween species caused a decrease in the surface hydrophobicity of PVDF membranes illustrated by the reduced contact angles. Each Tween at a 2% concentration in the dope solution led to an increase in the pore-size of PVDF membranes, which was estimated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, this impact was reversed at Tween concentrations of 4%. Membranes were assessed for dye removal efficiency and permeate flux in a cross-flow system. Permeability of PVDF membranes improved (~78%) with adding Tween 80 at a concentration of 2%. Tween 60 at a 2% concentration resulted in a ~45% increase in dye removal efficiency of PVDF membranes. And, atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that Tween 60 increased membrane surface roughness. Conclusion: Surfactant-mediated changes in the surface properties of PVDF membrane improved dye removal efficacy.}, Keywords = {Polyvinylidene fluoride, Coloring agents, Azo compounds, Surface-active agents}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {25-32}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.04}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-707-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-707-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Sani, Ali and LawalAbdullahi, Ibrahim and Ibrahim, Sani}, title = {Activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in male albino rats exposed to metal welding fumes in an experimental setting}, abstract ={Background: There are millions of workers in the world, who engage in activities associated with welding operations but are not classified as full-time metal workers. The present study aimed to determine the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in blood of laboratory animals exposed to welding fumes. Methods: Welding fumes were obtained from Kofar Ruwa, Kano by a skilled welder. 130 albino rats were purchased from the Animal Section of Department of Biological Sciences and were divided into 12 groups. They were given doses equivalent to the workers’ real life exposure regimes, and 1 group was selected as control group. They were administered intratracheally following anesthetization once weekly for twelve weeks. The rats were euthanized and serum samples were collected. Then, AChE activity was evaluated spectrophotometrically using ELISA kit (Sunlong Biotech Company). Results: The mean values of AChE ranged from 23.1 to 25.05 ng/mL with the control having a value of 24.7 ng/mL. Thus, there was a decrease in the values of AChE in the blood of treated groups, which was significantly different from the control (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Metal welding fumes negatively affected the AChE by reducing its mean values. This implies that welding fumes possesses neurotoxic effects, which can lead to some neurodegenerative diseases.}, Keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Exposure, Metal welding fumes, Toxicity}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {33-38}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.05}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-718-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-718-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Yazdanpanah, Ghazal and Javid, Neda and Honarmandrad, Zhila and Amirmahani, Najmeh and Nasiri, Alirez}, title = {Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of powdered cuttlebone against Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus flavus}, abstract ={Background: The presence of medicines in the environment is considered as a serious threat to the human health. The entrance of these substances into the water sources causes soil pollution, which eventually leads to the environmental pollution and it creates some problems for the public health. Also, increasing antibiotic resistant bacteria has attracted the attention of researchers to the use of natural resources such as marine products, for producing new antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial activities of powdered cuttlebone against Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus flavus. Methods: At first, cuttlebones were washed, dried, and powdered. Then, the powdered cuttlebone was characterized. In the next step, its antimicrobial activities were evaluated using agar well diffusion technique, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was calculated. Results: The powdered cuttlebone was found to be effective against K. oxytoca (24 mm, MIC: 10-1 mg/mL), but no antimicrobial response was found against S. aureus. Also, the powdered cuttlebone antifungal activity and MIC against A. flavus were recorded 23 mm and 10-1 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The obtained results suggest antimicrobial activities of powdered cuttlebone, which are concentration dependent. Furthermore, cuttlebone can be used as an accessible natural source to provide novel, low cost, and safe antimicrobial agents.}, Keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antibiotics, Antifungal activity, Marine products, Minimum inhibitory concentration}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {39-45}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.06}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-715-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-715-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Yousefi, Fatemeh and Asadikaram, Gholamreza and Karamouzian, Saeid and Abolhassani, Moslem and Moazed, Vahid and Nematollahi, Mohammad Hadi}, title = {MGMT methylation alterations in brain cancer following organochlorine pesticides exposure}, abstract ={Background: Alterations in the methylation levels of tumor suppressor genes are considered as one of the essential aspects of malignancies. The present study explored the association of O6-methylguanine- DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter methylation, as a tumor suppressor, with some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in primary brain tumor (PBT) patients. Methods: The present study was conducted on a total of 73 PBT patients. The patients’ serum was analyzed using gas chromatography for seven OCP derivatives. The methylation-specific PCR (MSP) method was also used to determine the methylation status of the MGMT promoter. Results: The current findings demonstrated that the methylation of MGMT promoter occurred in 22 out of 34 glioma cases (64%), but in only one out of 35 meningioma cases. No MGMT promoter methylation was observed in other PBT, hemangioma, and anaplastic medulloblastoma stages. Besides, there were significant associations between MGMT methylation and γ-HCH (odds ratio [OR]: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.03- 2.40, P= 0.04), 4,4DDE (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.01- 2.05, P= 0.02), 2,4 DDT (OR: 1.23; CI: 1.04- 1.45, P= 0.03), and 4,4DDT (OR: 1.46; CI: 1.23- 2.15, P= 0.02) in glioma patients. Conclusion: The results of the study suggested that the hypermethylation of the MGMT promoter in glioma patients is associated with increased OCPs in their serum, especially γ- HCH, 4,4DDE, 2,4DDT, and 4,4DDT. Moreover, it may lead to the hypermethylation of the MGMT promoter gene. Hence, it can be concluded that exposure to OCPs may potentially induce glioma.}, Keywords = {Organochlorine, Pesticides, MGMT, DNA Methylation, Glioma}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {47-53}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.07}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-711-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-711-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Alibeigi, Amir Nasser and Javid, Neda and AmiriGharaghani, Majid and Honarmandrad, Zhila and Parsaie, Fatemeh}, title = {Synthesis, characteristics, and photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles stabilized on the stone surface for degradation of metronidazole from aqueous solution}, abstract ={Background: The presence of antibiotics such as metronidazole in wastewater even at low concentrations requires searching for a suitable process such as advanced oxidation process (AOP) to reduce the level of pollutants to a standard level in water. Methods: In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal method using zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) as a precursor, then, stabilized on stone and was used as a catalyst, in order to degrade metronidazole by photocalytic process. Effective factors on the removal efficiency of metronidazole including the initial metronidazole concentration, contact time, pH, and 0.9 gL-1 ZnO stabilized on the stone surface were investigated. Results: The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies showed that the synthesized nanomaterials have hexagonal Wurtzite structure. Also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the average crystalline size of the synthesized ZnO particles was in the range of 1.9-3.2 nm. The spectra represented a sharp absorption edge at 390 nm for ZnO nanoparticles corresponding to band gap of 3.168 eV. The BET-BJH specific surface area of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles was 25.504 m2/g. The EDS spectrum of ZnO nanoparticles showed four peaks, which were identified as Zn and O. The maximum removal efficiency was 98.36% for the synthetic solution under a specific condition (pH = 11, reaction time = 90 minutes, ZnO concentration = 0.9 gL-1, and the initial concentration of metronidazole = 10 mgL-1). The photocatalytic degradation was found to follow pseudo-first-order degradation kinetics. Conclusion: Therefore, the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by thermal decomposition are suitable and effective photocatalytic materials for degradation of pharmaceutical contaminants.}, Keywords = {Zinc oxide, Metronidazole, Ultraviolet rays, Nanoparticles}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {55-63}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.08}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-721-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-721-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, Reza and Masoudi, Mahmood Reza and Khanjani, Narges and Bamir, Mous}, title = {Neglect of other health services during the corona crisis}, abstract ={This article has no abstract.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {8}, Number = {1}, pages = {65-66}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.09}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-698-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-698-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Rezaei, Leila and Alipour, Vali and Sharafi, Parisa and Ghaffari, Hamidreza and Nematollahi, Amene and Pesarakloo, Vida and Fakhri, Yadolah}, title = {Concentration of cadmium, arsenic, and lead in rice (Oryza sativa) and probabilistic health risk assessment: A case study in Hormozgan province, Iran}, abstract ={Background: The presence of toxic heavy metals in cereal grains like rice is one of the main human and environmental health concerns. Their importance is because of their non-biodegradability nature, high half-time, and bioaccumulation ability in the human body. Among heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) are most critical, so their concentrations in rice were evaluated in this study.  Methods: In this study, the concentration of Cd and Pb was determined by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GF-AAS), while the concentration of As was measured by atomic spectrum poll after acid digestion of the milled rice samples. The probabilistic health risk assessment of Cd, As, and Pb through consumption of different types of rice including local rice and two types imported from India (IND) and Pakistan (PAK), was estimated for the adults in Hormozgan province using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique.  Results: It was revealed that the concentrations of all Cd, As, and Pb in the local rice samples were lower than those in the PAK and IND samples. The average concentration of As, Pb, and Cd in the rice samples were 0.045, 0.057, and 0.022 mg/kg, respectively. The estimated total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) for this population was lower than 1, representing negligible non-carcinogenic risk through rice consumption. However, total carcinogenic risk (TCR) via As intake showed a considerable carcinogenic risk (TCR > 1E-4) for this population.  Conclusion: According to the results, it is necessary to perform continuous monitoring for concentration of Cd, As, and Pb especially in the imported rice samples.}, Keywords = {Heavy metal poisoning, Oryza, Environmental pollution, Monte Carlo method}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {67-75}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.10}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-722-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-722-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Borna, Elham and KianiSadr, Maryam and Hosseini, Seyed Ahm}, title = {Linking ground-satellite observations with HYSPLIT Back trajectory modeling to identify dust sources affecting Western Iran: A case study in Lorestan province}, abstract ={Background: This study combined ground and satellite observations with the results of HYSPLIT model to identify the origin, transport, and deposition of sand and dust storms (SDSs) affecting Western Iran. Methods: Field-measured dust exposure data were obtained during 2000-2014 to analyze variability of dust concentration and dust intensity at annual, monthly, and daily scales. Remote sensing measurements in this research include the analysis of a total of eight (Level 1B Calibrated Radiances 1 km (MOD021KM)) MODIS tiles selected based on interpreting the results of ground observations to capture the major SDS events occurred between 2000 and 2014. Results: The results, indicating a sharp rise in the number of dusty days from 2008 onwards, were used as a basis to identify the spatial coverage and intensity of SDSs over the central part of the Middle East and the study province using a number of eight MODIS images. According to the back trajectory analysis of Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT), the MODIS-derived SDSs were found to have both national and international sources. The most prevalent and powerful source was likely to initiate from deserts of Syria and Iraq by air masses coming from the Mediterranean Sea and terminate in Western Iran where the Zagros Mountains Chain blocks easterly winds. Conclusion: Despite the evident link between timing of regional SDSs and in situ observations, the contribution of local dust sources in the west of the province should be also investigated to provide insights into the development and spread of SDS events affecting Western Iran, especially Lorestan Province.}, Keywords = {MODIS, HYSPLIT, Long-range transport, Dust, Lorestan}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {77-86}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.11}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-742-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-742-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {GhomiAvili, Rahman and Takdastan, Afshin and Atabi, Farideh and Omrani, Ghasem Ali}, title = {Investigating the reduction of BTEX in automotive paint sludge combined with biological sludge by vermicomposting process using Eisenia fetida}, abstract ={Background: Due to the fact that in the process of car painting in the automotive industry, sludge containing dangerous compounds of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene which cannot be released into the environment without purification, is inevitably produced, this study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of removing BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) from the paint sludge of Saipa Automotive Company using Eisenia fetida worms. Methods: This is an experimental study. First, mixtures with different proportions of sludge were prepared and loaded in suitable boxes. After preparing the desired sludge, their quantitative and qualitative characteristics were determined in terms of type and amount of BTEX, volatile materials, moisture content, and C/N ratio. Then, to check the changes in BTEX, sampling was performed on different days during 90 days. BTEX measurements were performed using GC-MS method (NIOSH Method 1501). Results: The results showed that in the best mixing ratio of sludge, the amount of benzene decreased from 3 mg to less than 0.01 mg in 30 days, toluene decreased from 1.5 mg to zero over a 45-day period, ethyl benzene was reduced from 7 mg to zero mg over 70 days, and xylene decreased from 18 mg to 0.9 mg over 90 days. In addition, in the same optimal mixing ratio, the amount of volatile organic matter, pH, and C/N ratio also had a decreasing trend in the vermicomposting process. Conclusion: According to the results, E. fetida worms are able to work in mixed sludge and have the ability to break down BTEX.}, Keywords = {Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene, Sewage, Paint}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {87-94}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.12}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-744-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-744-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, Mahmoud and Ghasemi, Saber and Parvaresh, Hossein and DehghaniGhanateghestani, Mohse}, title = {Presenting an environmental performance evaluation model for gas refineries: A case study in the South Pars Gas Complex, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Controlling and validating the environmental performance of organizations, is a major problem that has been stated in the international standard ISO 14031. The aim of this study was to present a model for evaluating the environmental performance of Iran’s gas refineries using the environmental performance evaluation (EPE) method, based on the operational performance index (OPI) and management performance index (MPI). This case study was conducted in the ninth refinery of the South Pars Gas Complex (SPGC), Bushehr province, Iran, during 2019-2020. Methods: The research method comprises two stages. The first stage was distinguishing the standards and markers of the MPI and OPI using the Fluffy Delphi strategy and the second one was focusing on and relegating loads to the measures and pointers using the logical analytical hierarchy process (AHP) prior to confirming the outcomes by applying the TOPSIS. Results: The total normal scores of the total OPIt and OPTt were obtained to be 2.3409 and 2.2647, respectively. Considering these coefficients, the organization is balanced in terms of the environmental performance. The implementation steps of the TOPSIS method in the ninth refinery (A1) with the first (A2), second (A3), and third (A4) refineries, which had the same extraction indices of OPIt and MPIt, were ranked as A1 > A3 > A4 > A2, respectively. Conclusion: Petrochemical industries have the potential to cause adverse effects on the environment due to the nature of activities and effluents production, emissions, and hazardous wastes. However, they can increase their weight to be more competitive and reach the ranks of mature organizations by planning on important indices.}, Keywords = {Functional performance, Environmental indicators, South Pars Gas Complex, Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {95-106}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.13}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-751-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-751-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Chowdhury, Debojyoti and Chhatar, Abhisekh and Nandan, Suman and Swarupa, Sanchari and Shaw, Ranjit and Basu, Seena and Atre, Nitin and Khedkar, Dinesh}, title = {Peptides on a rescue mission against the hazardous cidal chemicals used in Eastern Indian Agriculture: An in-silico approach based on field survey in 2020}, abstract ={Background: The use of poisonous agrochemicals is both necessary and menacing for a farmer. The long-term hazards of chemicals can even be life threatening to many people. Recently, the adverse effects of such chemicals on the environment and human health received serious attention throughout the world. In an Indian context, the usage of the chemical sprays has costed many lives and influenced vital organs to the greatest extent. This serious situation advocates the search for ways to prevent the inhalation and absorption of these chemicals into the body. The present study was conducted to evaluate different types of chemical sprays, their impact, and explore remedial ways to neutralize their toxic effects. Methods: Alpha-cypermethrin, phorate, fenobucarb, buprofezin, and mancozeb were selected for binding based on the feedback of severity in actions reported by the respondents and statistical analysis of different physical and chemical parameters. Chemical similarity analysis of the 39 cidal chemicals was performed to predict the binding similarity with respect to the above-mentioned 5 seed molecules. These five chemicals were docked with three different proteins 121p GTPase HRas, Torpedo acetylcholinesterase, and trypanosoma phosphoglycerate kinase, selected based on the common target prediction. Results: Common target prediction revealed that these chemicals have an affinity to bind these proteins with a higher binding interaction towards the aromatic amino acid residues and those capable of H-bonding, escorted by a predilection towards acetylcholinesterase. Conclusion: The in-silico findings are the basis to propose that acetylcholinesterase can be considered as a potential binding agent to trap fatal agrochemicals.}, Keywords = {Agrochemicals, Molecular docking analysis, Cypermethrin, Buprofezin, Fenobucarb, Acetylcholinesterase}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {107-122}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.14}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-741-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-741-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Khoshakhlagh, Amir Hossein and Golbabaei, Farideh and Beygzadeh, Mojtaba and Carrasco-Marín, Francisco and Shahtaheri, Seyed Jamaleddi}, title = {Evaluation of direct reading photoionization detector performance under various operational parameters}, abstract ={Background: A hand-held portable direct-reading monitor, including photoionization detector (PID) is renowned for its good sensitivity, considerable dynamic range, and nondestructive vapor detection ability in comparison to the tardy response of the PID in gas chromatography (GC), which its application has been restricted. In this study, the performance of a PID system (MultiRAE Lite) was evaluated as a replacement of GC in the measurement of toluene in a dynamic adsorption system. Methods: The test was done at different relative humidity levels (30%, 50%, and 80%), temperatures (21, 30, 40°C), and toluene concentrations (20, 100, 200, and 400 ppm). Results: The PID achieved 48% of all measurements meeting the comparison criterion. The results showed that the performance of the PID could be altered by the variables. The best performance of the PID was at temperature of 21°C, the relative humidity of 50%, and concentration of 200 ppm with the percentage of readings achieving the criterion of comparison to 58%, 54%, and 52%, respectively. The averages of the PID readings (mean ± SD at 200 ppm= 207.9 ± 8.7) were higher than the reference method measurements averages (mean ± SD at 200 ppm= 203.5 ± 5.8). The regression analysis of the toluene results from the PID and the reference method results indicated that the measurements were significantly correlated (r2 = 0.93). Conclusion: According to the results, the device response is linear. Therefore, the findings are acceptable in adsorption studies. In this way, the measurement of the sample concentration should be performed using the same instrument before and after the reactor in order to calculate the adsorption efficiency.}, Keywords = {Toluene, Temperatures, Humidity, Adsorption, Chromatography, Gas regression analysis, Research design}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {123-128}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.15}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-752-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-752-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Pourkhosravani, Mohsen and Jamshidi, Fatemeh and Sayari, Nasri}, title = {Evaluation of groundwater vulnerability to pollution using DRASTIC, composite DRASTIC, and nitrate vulnerability models}, abstract ={Background: Groundwater protection against pollution is a very important issue. Groundwater vulnerability maps are useful tools for protecting aquifers and assessing the potential for contamination. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to prepare vulnerability maps and perform sensitivity analysis to identify the most influential factors in the vulnerability of the studied aquifer. Methods: In this study, groundwater vulnerability to pollution was evaluated using DRASTIC, composite DRASTIC, and nitrate vulnerability (NV) models. Drastic is an index for the systematic assessment of potential groundwater pollution. In this method, the drastic index was calculated from the total weight and rank of the factors. For this purpose, first the factors affecting the pollution transfer, were weighted, ranked, and merged using GIS software. Then, using the overlapping techniques and after applying the necessary weight coefficients on each layer, a map of the vulnerability area of the study aquifer was prepared. Results: It was revealed that there is a significant linear relationship between all three models with the distribution of nitrate concentration. Accordingly, it was the most efficient NV model, followed by the composite DRASTIC (CD) and DRASTIC models, respectively. Also, in the studied aquifer, the DRASTIC index was between 147 and 136, the combined DRASTIC index was between 70 and 190, and the nitrate index was between 13 and 132. Conclusion: Vulnerability assessment of the studied aquifer using DRASTIC, and combined DRASTIC, and NV indices shows that, according to the DRASTIC index, 69.7% of the studied aquifer was in the medium vulnerability class. Also, according to the combined DRASTIC index, the largest area (53.62%) has low vulnerability and 31.56% has moderate vulnerability. But according to the nitrate index, 77.16% of the aquifers had very low vulnerability.}, Keywords = {Environmental pollution, Groundwater, Geographic information systems, Soil, Nitrate}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {129-140}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.16}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-745-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-745-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Khan, Afed Ullah and Khan, Jehanzeb and Khan, Fayaz Ahmad and Khan, Rooman and Khan, Raza Ullah and Shah, Liaqat Ali and Khan, Zahoor and Badrashi, Yasir Irf}, title = {The effect of COVID-19 on the air pollution in urban areas of Pakistan}, abstract ={Background: The impacts of lockdown on air pollution have been examined in various parts of the world. The concentration of main air pollutants has been decreased owing to a decline in anthropogenic activities like fossil fuel burning, etc. The main aim of this research was to assess the impacts of lockdown on air pollution of the main urban areas of Pakistan. Methods: The present study was conducted to assess the air quality index (AQI) of the main urban areas of Pakistan based on the pre- and post-lockdown effects and mortality rate due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hotspot analysis was conducted to assess the most vulnerable spots at the country level. Results: The AQI greatly improved in all the main cities of Pakistan which ranges from 51 to 87. The pre- and post-lockdown AQI were categorized from unhealthy for sensitive groups to hazardous and moderate, respectively. There are noticeable hotspots in the vicinity of Lahore and Karachi. The level of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dropped 45%, 49%, 20%, 35%, and 56% in Peshawar, Lahore, Multan, Karachi, Islamabad, and Rawalpindi, respectively. Conclusion: Nature healed due to lockdown, which is the only good face of the COVID-19 pandemic. The temporary lockdown greatly improved air quality which may stimulate the policymakers, researchers, and governments for the smart use of resources to minimize emissions to heal the nature. The present study also suggests the application of hotspot analysis in different contexts for the evidencebased care services decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic.}, Keywords = {Nitrogen dioxide, COVID-19, Air pollution, Disease outbreaks}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {141-150}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.17}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-769-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-769-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Bamir, Mousa and Sadeghi, Reza and Poursheikhali, Atousa and Masoud, Ali}, title = {Moisture-proof masks as a potential source to prevent COVID-19 during the rainy season}, abstract ={This article has no abstract.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {151-152}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.18}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-758-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-758-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {KashiZenouzi, Leila and Kaboli, Seyed Hasan and Khavazi, Kazem and Sohrabi, Mohammad and Khosroshahi, Mohammad and Karsten, Ulf}, title = {Selecting phototrophic species of native biocrusts in arid and semi-arid regions}, abstract ={Background: Biological soil crusts (BSCs) that are able to produce sticky extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play an important role in the formation of soil aggregates, thereby, reducing soil erosion. In this study, experiments were undertaken to identify biocrust species that produce EPS, in order to combat desertification in the Sejzi desert of Iran. Methods: A biocrust distribution map of Sejzi plain was prepared using Landsat 8 OLI images, then, various sampling points were selected. Some physicochemical parameters of samples from lichendominated and non-biocrusted areas were measured. The relationship between soil parameters and biocrusts presence was confirmed based on the Pearson’s correlation coefficient and principal component analysis (PCA) method. The type of chemical compounds in the soil content were determined via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), including polysaccharides. To estimate the degradability of polysaccharides, each soil sample was placed under defined UV-B radiation for 24, 48, and 72 hours at three replications. Results: There was no significant correlation between moss and lichen species with the amount of EPS (%) values and various occurring cyanolichen species in three biocrusted soil samples, which included Collema coccophorum, Collema tenax, Peccania terricola, and Placidium squamulosum. It was speculated that these polysaccharides were produced by the photobiotic partners (microalgae or cyanobacteria) and secreted to the soil. Conclusion: According to the results, the cyanobacteria species of biocrusted samples might have high potential to combat desertification and soil stabilization in Sejzi desert.}, Keywords = {Cyanobacteria, Fourier transform infrared, Lichens, Polysaccharides, Sejzi plain, Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {153-167}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.19}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-817-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-817-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mohajervatan, Ali and Tavakoli, Nahid and Khankeh, Hamidreza and Raeisi, Ahmad Reza and Atighechian, Golrokh}, title = {Health sector’s flood response plan: A comprehensive review}, abstract ={Background: Floods are the most common natural disaster which may have substantial impacts on the human health and life and the environment. In recent years, Iran have faced many floods and it seems that increasing impacts of floods in Iran are attributed to inadequate preparation and no well-established strategies and guidelines for response by health sector and other related response organizations. So, this study was conducted to review the current plans in the world to identify the required elements of the flood emergency response plan to prevent its consequences on the health sector in Iran. Methods: A comprehensive review was performed through search on electronic data bases, including, Medline, Scopus, ProQuest, and e-journals which were accessible during 2010-2020. The keywords were response plan, flood, requirements, guidelines, and health sector. Data were collected using data extraction form and analyzed through content analysis. Results: In the initial search, 960 possible sources of flood response were identified. After excluding duplicate papers and the documents that did not contribute to the flood response plan, 64 articles and programs or guidelines that all them has been reviewed, were obtained. The findings were divided into two groups, response prerequisites and response activities. Conclusion: This review provided a complete view of the flood consequences for the health sector and allows professionals to incorporate facets of the health effect of floods into a flood response plan. The flood response plan was divided into two general categories: Initial and specific, each of which plays an important role in preventing the negative effects of the floods.}, Keywords = {Flood, Response plan, Health sector, Response prerequisite, Response action}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {169-178}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.20}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-796-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-796-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Amini, Mastaneh and IbrahimiGhavamabadi, Leila and Rangkooy, Hosseinali and FouladiDehaghi, Behz}, title = {Climate change and its effects on farm workers}, abstract ={Background: One of the biggest global occupational threats, especially in the outdoor workplace, is climate change and global warming, as workers are exposed to the heat stress leading to reduced performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of workplace climate on labor productivity index in the agricultural sector. Methods: In this study, data related to environmental variables of 215 synoptic meteorological stationsin Khuzestan province were collected from three climatic regions (hot, mild, and cold). Using MATLAB R 2018b mathematical software based on ASHRAE/ISO7730 standard values by designing some scenarios, predicted mean vote (PMV) index, and then, labor productivity index (P) were estimated. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. Results: The results showed that in the hot regions, there is a significant inverse relationship between P index and the main environmental variables (ta, tr, pa). In the cold regions, increasing the amount of ta and tr in light and medium workload improved the P index, but for heavy workload, it reduced productivity, and the most effective factor was increasing air vapor pressure. In the mild regions, the most effective factor in productivity was air vapor pressure. In addition, the results of Spearman’s correlation coefficient showed that PMV index has a direct and significant relationship with P index. Conclusion: Regarding the increasing trend of climate change and its effect on the desired thermal comfort and productivity, well structure and planning is needed to manage farm workers health.}, Keywords = {Workplace, Climate conditions, Labor, Agricultural}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {179-185}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.21}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-797-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-797-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Nasab, Habibeh and Mirzaee, Moghaddameh and Ebrahimpour, Karim and Hashemi, Maji}, title = {Association of urinary triclosan and methyl-triclosan levels with predictive indicators of cardiovascular disease and obesity in children and adolescents in 2020 (case study: Kerman, Iran)}, abstract ={Background: Exposure of children and adolescents to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) causes the development of non-communicable diseases. Triclosan (TCS) is a fat-soluble antimicrobial agent, and methyl-triclosan (MTCS) is the predominant metabolite of TCS. The increasing use of consumables TCS (toothpaste, mouthwash, personal care products) in human has raised concerns about human health. Methods: The urinary concentrations of TCS and MTCS were measured by GC/MS. Lipid profiles (TG, TC, LDL, and HDL), anthropometric parameters (WC, BMI z-score, and BMI), FBS, SBP, and DBP tests were performed on 79 children and adolescents. Results: Of 79 people included as the study population, 42 subjects (53.16%) were males. Most of the study population as 32 subjects (40.50%) were obese. The mean concentrations of TCS and MTCS in the obese population were 5.47 ± 2.99 and 2.32 ± 1.04 µg/L, respectively. After adjusting for possible confounding factors, the results showed that a one-unit increase in DBP caused a 0.03 units increase in TCS levels in male subjects (P = 0.01). A one-unit increase in DBP also caused a 0.02 units increase in MTCS (P = 0.001). There was a significant relationship between TCS and HDL (OR = 0.90, P = 0.005), LDL (OR = 1.13, P = 0.01), and TG (OR =1.05, P < 0.0001). There was also a significant relationship between MTCS and HDL (OR = 0.88, P = 0.001), LDL (OR = 1.03, P = 0.009), and TG (OR = 1.04, P < 0.0001). Conclusion: According to the results, there is a relationship between TCS, MTCS, and predictive indicators of cardiovascular diseases and obesity.}, Keywords = {Triclosan, Methyl triclosan, Cardiovascular disease, Obesity, Endocrine disrupter, Children, Adolescent}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {187-195}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.22}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-795-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-795-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Negais, Hamza and Idder, Tahar and Cheloufi, Hamid and Idder, Abdelhak and AhmedBenmchi’hAyada, Slimane}, title = {Feasibility study of the application of treated wastewater for the irrigation of forest species in a Saharan area}, abstract ={Background: After suffering from an acute problem of excess water for a long time, the Oasis of Ouargla benefited from an aerated lagoon treatment plant, producing biologically treated domestic effluents. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of reusing this effluent for watering plants. The experiment was conducted in the Ouargla WWTP, which is located in the region of Said Otba (northeast of Ouargla), north of the national road NR 49. Methods: The study area was selected based on the originality of the study and availability of water. The plants used were Acacia farnesiana and Leucaena leucocephala. The selection of Leucaena was based on the following criteria: It is used as a windbreak, it is very tolerant to drought, and it is used as a fodder to maintain soil fertility. And, Acacia was selected because it is used as a fodder, protects the soil against erosion, and to fix nitrogen. The watering of these plants is done jointly by treated wastewater from the WWTP and well water (WW), of which the latter was used as a control. Sampling and analysis of the irrigation water were performed according to the experimental protocol. To show the growth rate of the two plants studied, biometric measurements were taken weekly for 25 weeks. Results: The physicochemical analyses show that the treated wastewater is of poor quality belonging to the last class of Riverside’s C5-S4, with an excessive salinity (EC) of 13.51 dS/m and an Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of 12.61 against EC of 2.49 dS/m and 2.13 for the WW. At the end of the experiment, it was found that irrigation with purified wastewater (PWW) gave less growth compared to that with WW. Statistical analyses of the biometric measurements confirmed that there is a highly significant difference at P < 0.05. Conclusion: The reuse of WWTP effluent gives less interesting results but is still possible. It is recommended to choose Salt-tolerant crops, as well as the dilution of these waters by the addition of less salty waters.}, Keywords = {Well water, Treated waste water, Forest species, Irrigation Saharan area, Wastewater reuse}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {197-204}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.23}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-816-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-816-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {AghiliDehnavi, Hajar and Amin, Mohammad Mahdi and Fatehizadeh, Ali and MovahedianAttar, Hossein and Ebrahimpour, Karim and Bina, Bij}, title = {Assessment of toxicity and kinetic effects of erythromycin on activated sludge consortium by fast respirometry method}, abstract ={Background: The present study aimed to assess the acute impact of erythromycin (ERY) as an inhibitor on peptone mixture utilization of activated sludge (AS) consortium. Methods: For this purpose, the inhibition of oxygen consumption was used based on the ISO 8192:2007 procedure. In this method, the AS consortium (10-day age) was extracted from labscale membrane bioreactor, then, percentage inhibition for total, heterotrophic, and nitrifying microorganisms, in separate batch respirometric tests were calculated in the absence and presence of N-allylthiourea (ATU) as a specifc Nitrifcation inhibitor. Results: The obtained data showed that the height of oxygen uptake rate (OUR) profles and amount of oxygen consumption reduced with increasing ERY dose. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC 50) of ERY for heterotrophic and nitrifer microorganisms were 269.4 and 1243.1 mg/L, respectively. In Run 1, the kinetic coeffcients bH, fA,H, YH, and µH were calculated as 2.61 d-1, 0.44, 0.4945 mg VSS/mg COD, and 0.047 d-1, respectively. Also, for maximum ERY concentration (1000 mg/L), the kinetic coeffcients bH., fA,H, YH, and µH were calculated as 2.27 d-1, 0.3, 0.4983 mg VSS/mg COD, and 0.0049 d-1, respectively. Conclusion: The fndings showed that the inhibitory impact of ERY was observed as a decrease in the amount of oxygen consumption by OUR profles in rapid respirometric method (ISO 8192), which offered a novel insight for the acute inhibitory impact of this antibiotic. Also, chemical oxygen demand (COD) as an overall substrate parameter is most helpful in interpreting the behavior and the metabolic functions of AS systems.}, Keywords = {Toxicity, Erythromycin, Activated sludge, Respirometry, Kinetic coeffcients}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {205-214}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = { 10.34172/EHEM.2021.24}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-818-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-818-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Saeipourdizaj, Parisa and Sarbakhsh, Parvin and Gholampour, Akbar}, title = {Application of imputation methods for missing values of PM10 and O3 data: Interpolation, moving average and K-nearest neighbor methods}, abstract ={Background: PIn air quality studies, it is very often to have missing data due to reasons such as machine failure or human error. The approach used in dealing with such missing data can affect the results of the analysis. The main aim of this study was to review the types of missing mechanism, imputation methods, application of some of them in imputation of missing of PM10 and O3 in Tabriz, and compare their efficiency. Methods: Methods of mean, EM algorithm, regression, classification and regression tree, predictive mean matching (PMM), interpolation, moving average, and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) were used. PMM was investigated by considering the spatial and temporal dependencies in the model. Missing data were randomly simulated with 10, 20, and 30% missing values. The efficiency of methods was compared using coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE). Results: Based on the results for all indicators, interpolation, moving average, and KNN had the best performance, respectively. PMM did not perform well with and without spatio-temporal information. Conclusion: Given that the nature of pollution data always depends on next and previous information, methods that their computational nature is based on before and after information indicated better performance than others, so in the case of pollutant data, it is recommended to use these methods.}, Keywords = {Air pollution, Algorithms, Environmental pollutants, Spatio-temporal analysis, Humans}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {215-226}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.25}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-815-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-815-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Baghaie, Amir Hossein and Keshavarzi, Mehr}, title = {Immobilization of Pb by organic and inorganic phosphate and calcium sources in an acidic Pb-polluted soil amended with cow manure}, abstract ={Background: Chemical stabilization of heavy metals in acidic soil is one of the important points in environmental pollution. Thus, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic amendments on lead (Pb) immobilization in the Pb-polluted soil. Methods: Treatments were consisted of applying cow manure (0, 15, and 30 t/ha), and applying cow bone and phosphate rock (5% (W/W)) in the Pb (0, 800, and 1600 mg Pb/kg soil)-polluted soil. The plant used in this experiment was canola. After 70 days, the plants were harvested and soil and plant Pb concentration was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results: Applying 15 and 30 t/ha of cow manure in the Pb (1600 mg Pb/kg soil)-polluted soil significantly decreased the soil Pb concentration by 14.3 and 17.2%, respectively. For plant Pb concentration, it was increased by 11.8 and 15.1%, respectively. A significant decrease in plant Pb concentration was measured, when the soil under cultivation of the plant was amended with 5% (W/W) phosphate rock powder. For the plants grown on the soil, which was amended with 5% (W/W), the plant Pb concentration decreased by 17.6%. In addition, applying organic and inorganic amendment significantly decreased the bio-concentration factor (BCF), while the soil microbial respiration increased. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that applying 15 and 30 t/ha cow manure or calcium and phosphorus sources such as cow bone and phosphate rock powder (5% (W/W) can decrease the soil Pb availability and prevent the Pb translocation from soil to plants.}, Keywords = {Environmental pollution, Soil, Lead, Soil microbiology}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {227-235}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.26}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-819-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-819-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Amouei, Abdoliman and Pouramir, Mehdi and Asgharnia, Hosseinali and Mehdinia, Mahmoud and Shirmardi, Mohammad and Fallah, Hourieh and Khalilpour, Asieh and Tabarinia, Hajar}, title = {Evaluation of the efficiency of electrocoagulation process in removing cyanide, nitrate, turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand from landfill leachate}, abstract ={Background: Leachate contains toxic and non-biodegradable substances that are not easily treated by conventional treatment methods. This study investigated the effect of pH, current density, and reaction time parameters on the removal of cyanide (CN-), nitrate (NO3-), turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from leachate by electrocoagulation process. Methods: This study was an experimental one with direct current using four parallel bipolar aluminum electrodes with 90% purity. The length, width, and thickness of the electrodes were 5 cm, 10 cm, and 2 mm, respectively. There were 6 holes with a diameter of 0.7 cm on each of the electrodes. The samples were prepared from the old leachate of solid waste landfill in Ghaemshahr, Iran. Results: In this study, at a current density of 33 mA/cm2 and a time of 60 minutes, the optimum removal efficiency of cyanide (100 %) was obtained at pH 5.5 and pH 10. Moreover, the maximum removal of nitrate (99.65 %) and turbidity (86.41 %) were at pH 5.5 and pH 8.3, respectively and the highest removal efficiency of COD (83.14 %) was obtained at pH 10. Conclusion: The results showed that the removal of cyanide, nitrate, turbidity, and COD increases with increasing current density and reaction time. Due to the proper removal of nitrate and cyanide from leachate by electrocoagulation, nitrate and cyanide amounts were less than the allowable contamination level. Based on the results, electrocoagulation is considered an efficient and effective method for removing nitrate and cyanide from old leachate of municipal solid wastes.}, Keywords = {Electrocoagulation, Cyanides, Nitrates, Chemical oxygen demand analysis, Solid waste}, volume = {8}, Number = {3}, pages = {237-244}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.27}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-820-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-820-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Karimi, Pouria and Yazdanbakhsh, Ahmadreza and Atamaleki, Ali and Kariminejad, Fatemeh and Ahmadian, Mohammad and Fallah, Sev}, title = {Global evaluation of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in potato and carrot irrigated by wastewater: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and health risk assessment}, abstract ={Background: We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis on the concentration of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in carrots and potatoes irrigated by wastewater and estimate non-carcinogenic health risks among adult and children consumers. Methods: The health risk of PHEs concentration, including Pb, Cd, total Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Fe, in the edible parts of carrot and potato irrigated by wastewater was investigated by a meta-analysis using a random-effects model (REM). Accordingly, the related articles were screened from international databases such as Scopus, Medline, and Embase. Results: The meta-analysis of 32 papers (38 studies) revealed that the rank order of the most accumulated PHEs in potato was Fe (86.54 mg/kg wet weight) > Zn (30.9 mg/kg wet weight) > Cu (13.7 mg/kg wet weight) > Ni (8.42 mg/kg wet weight) > Pb (5.56 mg/kg wet weight) > Cr (3.45 mg/kg wet weight) > Cd (0.58 mg/kg wet weight). This ranking for carrot was Fe (43.36 mg/kg wet weight) > Zn (36.29 mg/kg wet weight) > Ni (13.49 mg/kg wet weight) > Cu (9.79 mg/kg wet weight) > Pb (1.84 mg/kg wet weight) > Cr (1.05 mg/kg wet weight) > Cd (0.28 mg/kg wet weight). Total hazard quotient (THQ) of PHEs was higher than 1 for potato and carrot; its rank order for potato and carrot was Cu > Pb > Cd > Ni > Fe > Zn > Cr and Cd > Pb > Cu > Ni > Fe > Zn > Cr, respectively. The Cd, Pb, and Cu had also a considerable role for consumer health risk. Conclusion: According to the results, continuous monitor and control of wastewater treatment plants are necessary.}, Keywords = {Wastewater, Food chain, Cadmium, Lead, Risk assessment}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {245-255}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.28}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-834-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-834-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Nourian, Ghafour and JaafarzadehHaghighiFard, Neamat and Pazira, Abdul Rahim and Kohgardi, Esmaeil}, title = {Assessment of ecological risk and identification sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at coastal sediments: A case study in Bushehr Province, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are stable and highly toxic environmental pollutants, which are produced mainly through combustion processes. The present study aimed to identify and determine PAHs compounds and their ecotoxicological effects in surface sediments of 20 stations in Bushehr province (Assaluyeh, Kangan, Khark, Emam Hasan, and Bushehr areas). Methods: All sediment samples (0-5 cm) were collected from 20 sites of Persian Gulf costs (Bushehr province, Iran). The concentration of PAHs was determined by HPLC. Then, in order to identify the sources of PAHs, ƩLPAHs/ƩHPAHs, IP/ (IP+BP), PH/AN, and AN/(PH+AN) ratios were obtained. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and sediment quality criteria (SQC) were used to measure the PAHs ecotoxicological effects in sediments. Results: Based on PAHs isomeric ratios, the contaminants of sediments originated from pyrogenic resources. ƩPAHs values (ng/g dw) in sediment samples ranged from ND to 49180. The toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ car) of PAHs raged from ND-7999 ngTEQ/g. Based on SQGs and SQC, the concentrations of ƩPAHs compounds in 10% and 6% of the sampling stations exceeded effects range median (ERM) and frequent effect level (FEL), respectively, indicating negative ecological risk effects. Conclusion: Sampling stations sediments must be routinely checked for PAHs because may lead to a negative effect on the marine ecosystem, organisms, and humans.}, Keywords = {Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Ecosystem, Environmental pollutants, Chromatography, Ecotoxicology, Geologic sediments}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {257-266}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.29}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-833-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-833-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Deniz, Fatma and Mazmancı, Mehmet Ali}, title = {Advanced oxidation of high concentrations of formaldehyde in aqueous solution under fluorescent and UV light}, abstract ={Background: Formaldehyde (FA) is a carcinogen compound, which is soluble in water. FA can be removed from aqueous solution using advanced oxidation methods. Methods: In this study, the oxidation of FA was studied under fluorescent and UV light. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used as an oxidant. The pH value and H2O2 amount of samples were optimized. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), FA concentration, and H2O2 consumption were followed. Results: It was observed that the pH value of the sample was more significant under fluorescent light than UV light at oxidation of FA. The highest COD removal and H2O2 reduction were 18.57 and 30.90%, respectively, at pH 12.00, with a 1:1 ratio of FA:H2O2 under fluorescent light. 86.41% FA and 62.12% COD removal were achieved at pH 7.00, with a 1:2 ratio of FA:H2O2, under UV light. It was observed that H2O2 was consumed at all pH values under UV light. On the other hand, under fluorescent light, the concentration of H2O2 decreased only at pH 12. In control samples containing only H2O2, the H2O2 reduction was 92.09% at pH 11.91, while it was 2-6% at other pH levels under fluorescent light. The H2O2 reduction changed between 33 and 44% at different pH values under UV light. The oxidation of FA was found to be suitable for the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. Conclusion: The most effective oxidation was obtained at the original pH value (7.00) and 1:2 ratio of FA:H2O2 under UV light.}, Keywords = {Water treatment, Formaldehyde, UV light, Hydrogen peroxide}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {267-276}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.30}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-842-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-842-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Hajimohammadi, Bahador and Ehrampoush, Mohammad Hasan and Dalvand, Arash and Mohammadzadeh, Morteza and Soltani, Mansoureh and Eskandari, Soheyl}, title = {Assessment of aflatoxin exposure using urine biomarker in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Yazd, Center of Iran}, abstract ={Background: Aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the most prevalent toxins, which long-term exposure to them could be a risk factor for liver cancer. AFM1 is the hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1, therefore, the presence of AFM1 in urine samples can give an appropriate estimation of dietary AF exposure in human. Methods: The present study aimed to evaluate the excretion level of AFM1 in urine samples of pregnant and non-pregnant women in Yazd, Iran. A total of 85 urine samples (42 pregnant and 43 non-pregnant) were selected randomly from women who had referred to health centers of Yazd during March to May 2017. From each participant, a 72-hour dietary recall was asked and the data were recorded and later analyzed by ELISA kits. Results: The results showed that the mean level of AFM1 in pregnant and non-pregnant women was 8.23 ± 2.9 and 35.5 ± 1.05 pg mL-1, respectively. Excretion of AFM1 in urine samples had a significant relationship with some demographic factors and type of consumed foods (P < 0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between the education level, place of residence, and the consumption of nuts with the excretion of AFM1. It can be concluded that some foods distributed in Yazd are contaminated with AFs, and a significant number of people are exposed to high concentrations of AFM1.}, Keywords = {Diet, Demographic factors, Cancer, Aflatoxin M1, Iran}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {277-286}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.31}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-837-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-837-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Aali, Rahim and Fahiminia, Mohammad and Asadi-Ghalhari, Mahdi and Fanaei, Farzaneh and Mostafaloo, Roqiyeh and Kishipour, Ami}, title = {Accomplishment of water safety plan using quality assurance tool in 2020-2021: A case study in a western city of Gilan province, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Water safety plan is a systematic approach to ensure the quality of water delivered to consumers from catchment to consumption. Methods: This study was conducted on the groundwater system of Talesh, Gilan, in 2020-2021. A Water Safety Plan (WSP) consists of 5 phases and 12 steps. In the implementation of this plan, all modules were reviewed. Software checklists were prepared and based on the background information in Talesh Water and Wastewater Company, interviews with experts and field visits were performed, and then, entered into WSP QA TOOL software. Results: Out of 440 raw scores, 222 points were obtained, indicating 50.45% compliance with WSP. The description system with the highest score (100%) and the management procedures with the lowest score (50%) were in line with this plan. The stages of development and supporting program and review of WSP cannot be evaluated due to the incomplete implementation of water safety plan in Talesh. Between different parts of the water supply system, more attention has been paid to production sources and points of use. Conclusion: This study identifies the inefficiency in dependence on the final tests and the necessary items in updating the supply system of Talesh. According to the study of the different stages of WSP, the system has a moderate level of safety.}, Keywords = {Checklist, Drinking water, Groundwater, Software, Water safety plan}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {287-294}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.32}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-851-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-851-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Amiri-Hosseini, Soheila and Hashempour, Yal}, title = {Photocatalytic removal of Malachite green dye from aqueous solutions by nano-composites containing titanium dioxide: A systematic review}, abstract ={Background: Malachite green (MG) is widely used as a fungicide, Bactericide parasiticide in the aquaculture industry, as a food additive, medical disinfectant, and also, as a dye for materials such as silk, leather, paper, etc. In this study, the photocatalytic removal of MG from aqueous solutions using TiO2-containing nanocomposites was reviewed. Methods: In this study, four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Scopus) were systematically searched to collect studies on the decomposition of MG using nanocomposites containing TiO2 under UV light radiation. Results: In total, 10 related and eligible studies were selected. Based on the results, TiO2 was doped with iron, Sn, Ag, Si, and Ni. The highest percentage of photocatalytic decomposition for MG was observed in Sn > Ni > Ag > Fe > Si. The removal efficiency of MG in the studied papers was between 75%-100%. Conclusion: Recombinant nanocomposites had a higher dye removal percentage than uncombined ones because they play an important role in the photocatalytic process of dye, by producing free radicals.}, Keywords = {Photocatalytic, Malachite green, Nanocomposite, TiO2, Titanium Dioxide}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {295-302}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.33}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-847-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-847-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Akhlaghi, Hosein and EmadiChashmi, Seyed Hesamodin and JebelliJavan, Ashk}, title = {Frequency and antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pullorum among exposed and non-exposed population}, abstract ={Background: Helicobacter pullorum can infect the intestinal tracts of both humans and avian species. This study aimed to assess the frequency and antibiotic resistance of H. pullorum isolated from workers in the poultry slaughterhouses, farms, and markets as exposed population and healthy people who referred to the hospital as non-exposed population by culture method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Methods: Two hundred healthy individuals, including 100 individuals from exposed population and 100 from non-exposed population were selected in Semnan. Fresh stool samples were examined by conventional culture method and biochemical tests. PCR test with 16S rRNA gene was employed to confirm the H. pullorum isolates. Antibiotic resistance test was done using the disk diffusion method and various antimicrobial agents. Results: Generally, 17 (17%) samples from exposed population and 12 (12%) samples from non-exposed population were H. pullorum positive by culture method and biochemical tests. However, PCR test could confirm 10 (10%) and 7 (7%) samples from exposed and non-exposed populations, respectively. Therefore, the frequency of H. pullorum was determined to be 9.5%. Antibiotic resistance test could reveal that most of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (84.2%), whereas resistance to colistin and fosfomycin was found to be 15.8%. Conclusion: The present study illustrated that H. pullorum can be present among healthy population with the low frequency rate. Moreover, it was indicated that the frequency of this food-borne pathogen is high in the exposed population. Therefore, there is a high demand for good observation for slaughter hygiene and implementation of routine surveillance in the poultry farms and markets.}, Keywords = {Helicobacter pullorum, Frequency, Humans, Poultry, Polymerase chain reaction}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {303-308}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.34}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-852-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-852-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {JemberuDagnaw, Mengistu and Gopal, Mahesh}, title = {Detection to trace aluminum ion of pharmaceutical wastewater using synthesis of Schiff-based chemosensor}, abstract ={Background: The aim of this research was to develop a fluorogenic sensor for Al3 + ions, which have been identified as a possible food and drinking water pollutant by the WHO and considered to be harmful to human health. Methods: The sensing mechanism was based on excited-state intramolecular proton transfer, with the intramolecular rotation restriction occurring after binding with the analyte. The probe attaches Al3 + selectively and emits strong emission in 4:1 H2O/MeOH (v/v) solution while irradiated at 400 nm in the presence of a wide number of cations, acting as a “turn-on” fluorescence chemosensor. The range of detection for Al3 + is 3.3 nM (3 method), which is more than 200 times more responsive than the WHO suggested limit of 7.4 mM (3σ method). Mass spectra, job plot, and Benesi-Hildebrand plot were used to determine the formation of the 1:1 metal-to-ligand complex. Results: Aluminum (Al) ion content in effluent obtained from the pharmaceutical sector is 0.381 mM, which is a trace amount. A separate in vitro experiment indicates that the probe can precisely perceive Al3 + ions in a cell line. The sensor-based method is developed to detect 3.3 nM of Al3 + ions, which is significantly less than the WHO max. Conclusion: The probe to detect Al3 + ions in live cells. HL becomes a flexible sensor for recognizing intracellular Al3 + in human liver cancer cell line Hep G2 and human lung fibroblast cell lines by fluorescence cell imaging procedures, and the probe’s non-toxicity has been proven by MTT tests up to 100M.}, Keywords = {Environment, Water, Pollution, Poisoning, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s dementia, Disease, Pharmaceutical, Aluminium, Fluorescence chemosensor, India}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {309-318}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.35}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-856-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-856-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Javid, Amir and Nasiri, Alireza and Mahdizadeh, Hakimeh and Momtaz, Seyed Mojtaba and Azizian, Mahdieh and Javid, Ne}, title = {Determination and risk assessment of heavy metals in air dust fall particles}, abstract ={Background: Urban and industrial development has increased the concentration of heavy metals in various environments, and also, increased their amount in dust fall particles. The aim of this study was to determine and assess the risk of heavy metals in air dust fall particles. Methods: Sampling of air dust fall particles was performed using the British model Dust Fall Jar devices. Heavy metals concentrations in the samples were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer device. Then, the risk assessment of heavy metals in air dust fall was calculated by three indicators including enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and integrated pollution index (IPI). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Excel 2016 software. Results: Zn was the most abundant heavy metal. The results of EF index showed that the highest degree of enrichment of dust fall particles with heavy metals is related to Ag and the lowest one is related to Cr. Also, the changes of Mean of both Igeo and IP indicators were as Ag > Pb > Zn > Cd > Cu > Co > Cr. Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that Cr metal is originated from the earth and other metals are of man-made origin and are mainly due to the emissions of vehicles and industries. Also, on average, the samples had very low pollution in relation to all metals. Although the amount of pollution caused by heavy metals has not exceeded the allowable limits, but considering industrial development programs in the region, continuous measures to control air pollution caused by industries, are absolutely necessary.}, Keywords = {Metals, Air pollution, Risk assessment}, volume = {8}, Number = {4}, pages = {319-327}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.34172/EHEM.2021.36}, url = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-853-en.html}, eprint = {http://ehemj.com/article-1-853-en.pdf}, journal = {Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal}, issn = {2423-3765}, eissn = {2423-4311}, year = {2021} }