Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal
2423-3765
5
2
2018
5
1
Acute toxicity effect of glyphosate on survival rate of common carp, Cyprinus carpio
61
66
FA
Mohammad
Forouhar Vajargah
Department of Fisheries, School of Natural Resources, University of Guilan Sowmehsara, Sowmehsara, Iran
Ahmad
Mohamadi Yalsuyi
Department of Aquaculture, School of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Masoud
Sattari
Department of Fisheries, School of Natural Resources, University of Guilan Sowmehsara, Sowmehsara, Iran
Aliakbar
Hedayati
Department of Aquatic Production and Exploitation, School of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Background: Herbicides are usually used to control weeds and some of them like glyphosate are nonsele ctive herbicides. Aquatic environments are usually the last destinations of agricultural pesticides, which disrupt the metabolic processes of organisms. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate acute
toxicity of glyphosate on the survival rate of common carp, Cyprinus carpio.
Methods: A total of 135 common carp averaged 7 ± 0.8 g in weight were exposed to 0, 25, 50, 75, 100,125 , 150, 175 and 200 mL.L-1 glyphosate (15 fish in each treatment, with triplicates) for 96 hours. Theaquariums capacity was 98 L in volume (80 × 35 × 35 cm) and physicochemical parameters were the
same for all groups (pH 7.4-8, temperature = 26 ± 1ºC, DO = 7 mg.L-1 and total hardness of 190 mg CaCO3). LC10, LC20, LC30, LC40, LC50, LC60, LC70, LC80, LC90 and LC95 of glyphosate were calculated at 24,48, 72 and 96 hours after adding glyphosate using probit test.
Results: Mortality was observed in all treatments which exposed to higher than 50 mL.L-1 after 96 hours. The results showed that 96-hour LC50 of glyphosate for common carp was 92.71 mL.L-1. Thefish exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate showed clinical signs such as increased mucus
secretion, skin darkening and death with mouth open.
Conclusion: Glyphosate disrupts the synthesis of amino acids in plants by inhibiting enzymatic activity of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP). This enzyme is absent in animals. However,glyphosate is toxic for common carp.
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal
2423-3765
5
2
2018
5
1
The relationship between the characteristics of Biochar produced at different temperatures and its impact on the uptake of NO3--N
67
75
FA
Maryam
Ahmadvand
Department of Irrigation Engineering, Abouraihan Campus, University of Tehran, Iran
Jaber
Soltani
Department of Irrigation Engineering, Abouraihan Campus, University of Tehran, Iran
Seyyed Ebrahim
Hashemi Garmdareh
Department of Irrigation Engineering, Abouraihan Campus, University of Tehran, Iran
Maryam
Varavipour
Department of Irrigation Engineering, Abouraihan Campus, University of Tehran, Iran
Background: Nitrogen leaching from agricultural lands is a major threat to groundwater and surface waters. This study investigated the relationship between the characteristics of wheat-straw biochar produced at different temperatures and its impact on the uptake of NO3--N.
Methods: Three types of biochar were produced from wheat straw at three different pyrolysis temperatures of 300, 400 and 500°C, and sampling was done 3 times for each biochar. Physical and chemical characteristics of biochar were determined using a variety of methods including specific surface
with methylene blue adsorption method, and elemental content with elemental analyzer, and water solubility with standard ASTM (D5029-28) method. Statistical analysis was performed using Freundlich and Langmuir models. Nitrate concentration was measured using a UV-V spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 500 nm.
Results: It was indicated that with an increase in biochar pyrolysis temperature from 300 to 500°C, the hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in the biochar were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) while the carbon content, surface area, density and water solubility in biochar (P < 0.05) were increased. The results also showed that the maximum nitrate adsorptive capacity of the three types of biochar occurred at pH=6 and contact time of 120 minutes. With increasing the temperature of biochar preparation, the efficiency of biochar nitrate adsorption increased significantly.
Conclusion: The present study shows that pyrolysis temperature greatly influences the biochar chemical and physical characteristics, and subsequently nitrate adsorption ability of the biochars. The wheat straw biochar, which is produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 500°C, has the highest adsorption
capacity for nitrate.
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal
2423-3765
5
2
2018
5
1
Antibiotic resistance: A link from local bio-pollution cycle to global dissemination
77
78
FA
Reza
Ghanbari
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Saeed
Aali
Department of Urology, Kashani Public Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Seyed Hamed
Mirhoseini
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Reza
Abbaszadeh Dizaji
Department of Disater & Emergency Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Rahim
Aali
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal
2423-3765
5
2
2018
5
1
Optimization of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from meat processing wastewaters using microalgal biofilms
79
84
FA
Soroosh
Danaee
Biotechnology Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
Hamideh
Ofoghi
Biotechnology Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
Seyed Mohammad
Heydarian
Biotechnology Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
Abbas
Farazmand
Biotechnology Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
Background: The conventional activated sludge processes are not able to completely treat the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds of meat processing wastewaters. Microalgal biofilm, which has the advantages of easiness and inexpensiveness, can be applied as a post-treatment method.
Methods: The optimal levels of micronutrients and N/P ratio were aimed in the cultivation of Scenedesmus quadricauda as a biofilm formed on the two types of commercially available bed packing. For this purpose, the Factorial design was run to maximize the removal of ammonium, nitrate and phosphate concentration in the synthetic meat processing wastewater.
Results: Experimental data showed better results for the removal of biofilm formed on the sponge filter. In addition, a maximum removal efficiency of 55.6%, 47% and 48.% was respectively achieved for ammonium, nitrate and phosphate at optimal N/P ratio of 10.5 and volumetric percentage of 50% of micronutrients.
Conclusion: The results demonstrated that microalgal biofilm of Scenedesmus is able to remove the nutritional components of meat processing wastewaters. The process is needed to be optimized for theeffective treatment.
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal
2423-3765
5
2
2018
5
1
Sonochemical degradation of azithromycin in aqueous solution
85
92
FA
Atiyeh
Yazdani
Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
Mohammad Hossein
Sayadi
Department ofvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
Background: The presence of pharmaceutical substances and their residual in water resources is an important environmental concern. Azithromycin, an antibiotic that is used for the treatment of infectious diseases, is a pollutant agent in the wastewater. The aim of this study was to investigate azithromycin degradation in aqueous solution through ultrasonic process in the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles as catalysts.
Methods: Sonocatalytic experiments were performed at variable conditions including pH (3-8), temperature (20-60°C), time (3-21 minutes), catalyst dosage (0.25-2 g/L), hydrogen peroxide concentration (15-100 mg/L) and initial azithromycin concentration (10-100 mg/L).
Results: The optimum values for pH (3), temperature (40°C), time (15 minutes), catalyst dosage (1 g/L), H2O2 concentration (50 mg/L) and initial azithromycin concentration (20 mg/L) were determined. The highest degradation efficiency of 98.4% was achieved after 15 minutes of ultrasonic irradiation under optimum condition.
Conclusion: According to the results, ultrasonic irradiation is able to degrade azithromycin. In addition, ZnO and hydroxyl radical can successfully accelerate the reaction process in the shortest possible time.
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal
2423-3765
5
2
2018
5
1
Comparison of hybrid regression and multivariate regression in the regional flood frequency analysis: A case study in Khorasan
Razavi province
93
100
FA
Seyed Hashem
Hosseini
Department of Range and Watershed Management, Torbat-e-Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e-Jam, Iran
Mohammad Reza
Khaleghi
Department of Range and Watershed Management, Torbat-e-Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e-Jam, Iran
Hasan
Jami
Department of Civil Engineering, Torbat-e-Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e-Jam, Iran
Sajjad
Baygi
Department of Civil Engineering, Torbat-e-Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e-Jam, Iran
Background: Magnitude, rate and frequency of the stochastic and unexpected events are of great significance and importance in hydrology. Nowadays, for economic planning of the projects, the use of analytical methods of unexpected events in hydrology is unavoidable. The aim of this study was to compare hybrid regression and multivariate regression to estimate flood peak discharge in the province of Khorasan Razavi and in the selected water measured stations.
Methods: For this purpose, 19 hydrometric stations were selected and analyzed. In the first step, the rate of peak discharge was estimated with different return periods and by selecting the best regional distribution (lognormal distribution type ΠΙ). In the next step, independent and important variables including area, mean annual rainfall, the average height of the watershed and its slope were determined using functional analysis and using SPSS software version 22. Then, two hydrologically homogeneous regions were determined by homogeneity test using cluster analysis, and accordingly, two models were
presented for the whole area and also for homogeneous areas. To compare and evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the estimated models, the rates of discharges were estimated and compared with observational rates using three control watersheds. To compare models, it was used from the average
absolute values of the relative error index.
Results: It was revealed that the hybrid method was more accurate than the multivariate regression method in the return period of 50 years and provides better results of flood discharges for the area. Homogenous areas had a higher coefficient of determination (R2) and lower relative standard error
(RSE) compared to the whole area. It was also revealed that with increase of return period, the rates of R2 decreased but the rates of relative standard error increased.
Conclusion: The accuracy of multivariate regression and hybrid methods was the same in the 25-year return period. In the present study, the importance and necessity of homogenous areas compared with the model of the whole area are completely evident.
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal
2423-3765
5
2
2018
5
1
Removal of direct blue 129 from aqueous medium using surfactant-modified zeolite: a neural network modeling
101
113
FA
Mahmoud
Zarei
Research Laboratory of Environmental Remediation, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Nader
Djafarzadeh
Department of Chemistry, Miyaneh Branch Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, Iran
Leila
Khadir
Department of Chemical Engineering, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
Background: Conserving water for human survival and providing future security are important issues that need to be addressed.
Methods: In this study, a zeolite modified with hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br), a cationic surfactant, and its application in removing direct blue 129 (DB129) was examined. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize both modified and unmodified zeolites. The effects of operational parameters such as the amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and pH on the removal efficiency of the dye were examined.
Results: The results showed that in the initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L, the optimum amounts of adsorbent and pH were 0.3 g and 7, respectively. Increasing the dye concentration from 20 to 100 mg/L resulted in the reduction of the removal efficiency from 100% to 79% in the contact time of 90 minutes. The results indicated the highest attracting correlation with Langmuir model. The maximum adsorbent capacity obtained from Langmuir model was 25 mg/g. The kinetics of the dye adsorption on the modified zeolite followed pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that Gibbs free energy changes (DGo) at temperatures of 20 and 45°C were -29.41 and -35.20 kJ/mol, respectively.
Enthalpy (DHo) and entropy changes were equal to 41.181 kJ/mol and 0.241 J/mol K, respectively. The results showed that the processing was a spontaneous endothermic reaction. The process modeled by artificial neural networks (ANN) showed that the experimental results can be accurately modeled using neural network model. The correlation coefficient found between the experimental and the model results was 0.951.
Conclusion: Due to the low cost, high abundance and availability of zeolite, the removal efficiency of this adsorbent can be increased to desirable levels by modifying.
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal
2423-3765
5
2
2018
5
1
Significance of physicochemical factors in the transmission of Escherichia coli and chloride
115
122
FA
Sahar
Akhavan
Department of Soil Sciences, Soil and Water Engineering School, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Soheila
Ebrahimi
Department of Soil Sciences, Soil and Water Engineering School, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Maryam
Navabian
Department of Water Engineering, School of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Mahmoud
Shabanpour
Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Ali
Mojtahedi
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Alireza
Movahedi Naeini
Department of Soil Sciences, Soil and Water Engineering School, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Background: Organic manures are the source of many pathogenic bacteria which could be dangerous for human health. Bacterial transmission and retention in soil is important for processes ranging from contaminant degradation during in situ bioremediation to transport of pathogenic bacteria into
groundwater.
Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate the transport of Escherichia coli and chloride (Cl) in the soil saturation conditions, considering the importance of preferential flow using synthetic macrospores (different diameters of macrospores including 0, 1 and 2 cm) and HYDRUS-2D model. Also, the
effect of different salinity levels of water (including electrical conductivity of 1, 2 and 4 dSm-1) on the transmission of E. coli was investigated. The preferential flow system was prepared and designed using two sand sizes including fine sand and coarse sands in the columns.
Results: The results showed that the retention of E. coli increased with the ionic strength of the solution, while the effect of E. coli in the fine sand was greater than that of the coarse sand. This bacterial transfer behavior was well described by numerical simulations. The importance of preferential flow in bacterial transfer showed that it increases at higher ionic strength, even if overall transmission is reduced. Although the bacterial transmission is facilitated in salinity, the results of this study showed that with increase of ionic strength of the soil solution, the amount of bacterial purification was increased that
could be effective in controlling groundwater contamination with saline water management.
Conclusion: According to the results, with increase of ionic strength of the soil solution, the amount of bacterial purification was increased that could be effective in controlling groundwater contamination with saline water management, so that the least transition has taken place and the conditions for the
use of unconventional water sources were also created, without the environmental problem of the risk of groundwater pollution.
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Environmental Health Engineering And Management Journal
2423-3765
5
2
2018
5
1
Bioremediation of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) by three pure bacterial cultures
123
128
FA
Zabihollah
Yousefi
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Zeinab
Tahernezhad
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Seyed Noroddin
Mousavinasab
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Reza
Safari
Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Caspian Sea Ecology Research Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, Iran
Ahmadreza
Bekhradnia
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Background: Bioremediation of groundwater and soil contamination is more economical than physicochemical remediation. The present study focused on the bioremediation capability of two bacterial species (Klebsiella planticola and Enterobacter cloacae) from the family Enterobacteriaceae.
These bacteria have been identified as new species with capability of degrading methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE). In order to enhance their degradation capability, selected concentrations and retention time were investigated.
Methods: The bacteria were cultured on the nutrient agar (NA) medium at room temperature. pH of the medium was adjusted to 7. The medium was autoclaved at 121°C for 15 minutes and incubated for 24 hours at 35°C. After 24 hours, the mixture was inoculated into 50 mL of Luria Bertani (LB) liquid medium containing 50 and 150 ppm MTBE. The cultures were incubated for 2 and 5 days at 35°C and shacked on a shaker at 150 rpm. Cell concentrations of the bacteria in pure culture were determined from the optical density at 600 nm using a UV–VIS spectrophotometer. Then, the culture was centrifuged at 3800 rpm for 20 minutes. In the next step, the MTBE concentration in the supernatant was measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS, Agilent Technologies, 5975, US10304411, 5.02.07).
Results: The results showed that both strains are able to grow in the presence of 50 and 150 ppm MTBE. In the best conditions, when cell density was 3×108 CFU/mL during 5 days, the highest rate of MTBE degradation for K. planticola and E. cloacae, was 43% and 40%, respectively. It was also revealed that Escherichia coli can degrade 50 and 150 ppm MTBE about 19.8% and 13.65%, respectively.
Conclusion: It seems that E. coli can be a good candidate for MTBE degradation at high concentrations for a time longer than that in the present study. It was also found that the species have high performance at 50 ppm than 150 ppm. So, these bacteria can remove MTBE from the environment.