Background: Groundwater in Iraq, particularly in the Kirkuk Governorate, is under increasing pressure from a range of challenges, including human activities and natural conditions. These factors have led to the presence of contaminants, posing a significant risk to public health and underscoring the urgent need for systematic monitoring and evaluation. Examining the connection between groundwater contamination and its impact on human health is vital for safeguarding public well-being and promoting environmental sustainability.
Methods: This study focused on the southwestern region of Kirkuk Governorate to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes. Twenty groundwater samples were analyzed using water quality indices (Nemerow’s Pollution Index and Weighted Arithmetic Index) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Fourteen physicochemical parameters were assessed. Spatial mapping and statistical data analysis were conducted to provide essential insights into water quality and its management.
Results: The NPI-WQI findings categorized 50% of samples as “seriously polluted” (NPI > 3.5) and 50% as “moderately polluted” (NPI 1–3.5). The WAI WQI revealed that 80% of samples were deemed “unsuitable for drinking” (WAI > 100), with the highest levels of pollution recorded in wells W14 (WAI = 712.275) and W20 (WAI = 413.676). Critical values surpassed allowable thresholds: TDS (7625 mg/L compared to the WHO limit of 1000 mg/L), EC (10,500 μS/cm versus 400 μS/cm), and turbidity (192 NTU against 5 NTU). Spatial maps indicated regional variations, revealing heightened pollution
in central and southern areas.
Conclusion: The study contributes valuable data for improving water resource management and protecting public health.